Classification

Cell Staining

Introduction

Visualization of a cell with fluorescent compounds provides a wide variety of information for the analysis of cell functions. Various activities and structures of a cell can be targeted for staining with fluorescent compounds (Fig. 1). The most commonly stained cell components are cell membranes, proteins, and nucleotides. Small neutral molecules and positively charged molecules can pass through viable cell membranes and remain inside of cells, depending on their reactivity or hydrophilicity. Negatively charged molecules cannot pass through viable cell membranes. Positively charged molecules are usually cell membrane permeable and accumulate in mitochondria. Ester is a suitable functional group for staining viable cells. Ester can pass through viable cell membranes, where it is hydrolyzed by cellular esterases into a negatively charged molecule under physiological conditions. Several fluorescein analogs with ester groups in their structure are available for staining viable cells. Succinimidyl ester compounds can also be used to improve retention of the fluorescent derivative within the cell. These compounds are neutral molecules that pass through cell membranes and covalently conjugate with cell proteins. Covalently conjugated molecules can stay in the cell for several weeks. Nucleotide staining with fluorescent intercalators is mostly used for dead cell detection.

 

Cell Cytosol Staining

Fluorogenic esterase substrates that can be passively loaded into viable cells, such as Calcein-AM, BCECFAM, Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and Fluorescein diacetate (FDA), are converted by intracellular esterases into fluorescein analogs with green fluorescence. Calcein and BCECF can be converted into electrically neutral molecules by the addition of acetyl or acetoxymethyl groups to their phenolic OH or carboxylic groups, which allows them to freely permeate into the cell. Once converted into fluorescent products by esterase, these compounds are retained by cells because of their negative charges. These esterase substrates, therefore, can serve as assay probes of cell viability. Fluorescent esterase substrates may also be used in cell viability assays in place of tetrazolium analogs such as MTT or WST. The mechanism for determining cell viability is different: Although both assays determine cell metabolism, esterase substrates detect esterase activity; tetrazolium salts detect dehydrogenase activity of viable cells. CFSE is also an ester compound that passes through viable cell membranes. Since it has an amine-reactive succinimidyl group, fluorescein derived from CFSE can covalently bond to proteins or other amino groups in the cell or on the cell membrane. This covalently attached fluorescein remains stable and allows the cell to be traced over several weeks.

 

Mitochondria Staining

Mitochondria exist in most eukaryotic cells and play a very important role in oxidative metabolism by generating ATP as an energy source. The average number of mitochondria per cell is from 100 to 2,000. Although the typical size is about 0.5-2 mm, the shape, abundance, and location of mitochondria vary by cell type, cell cycle, and cell viability.Therefore, visualization of mitochondra is important. Since mitochondria have electron transport systems, they can be stained with various redox dyes. MitoRed and Rh123 readily pass through cell membranes and accumulate in mitochondria. The fluorescence intensity of Rh123 reflects the amount of ATP generated in mitochondria.

 

Nucleus Staining

Fluorescent dyes with aromatic amino or guanidine groups, such as propidium iodide (PI), diaminophenylindole (DAPI), acridine orange (AO), and Hoechst dyes, interact with nucleotides to emit fluorescence. PI molecules intercalate inside the DNA double helix. DAPI and Hoechst dye molecules attach at the minor groove of the DNA double helix. On the other hand, AO can form complexes with either double-stranded DNA or single-stranded DNA and RNA. One molecule of AO can intercalate with three base pairs of double-stranded DNA to emit green fluorescence with the maximum wavelength at 526 nm. One molecule of AO can also interact with one phosphate group of single-stranded DNA or RNA to form an aggregated, or stacked, structure that emits red fluorescence with the maximum wavelength at 650 nm. Cell membranes of viable cells are impermeable to these fluorescent dyes,except for the Hoechst dyes, and these dyes can therefore be used as fluorescent indicators of dead cells. Hoechst dyes are positively charged under physiological conditions and can pass through viable cell membranes.

 

Bacterial Cell Staining

There are several ways to detect bacteria, including agar plate cultivation and bacteria-specific DNA amplification. Fluorescent staining using CTC is another method used to detect viable bacterial cells. The advantage of this method is very quick detection and the possibility of detecting VNC (viable but non-culturable) bacterial cells. CTC is a tetrazolium salt that is converted to formazan dye by bacterial cell activity. The solid state of the formazan dye emits red fluorescence. Therefore, viable bacterial cells can be stained by CTC and are easily detected by fluorescent microscopy.

 

Product

Cell Double Staning Kit
Code Product name Unit size
CS01 Cell Double Staining
-Cellstain- Double Staining Kit
1 set
scrollable
Live Cell Staining
Code Product name Unit size
C326 Live Cell Staining
-Cellstain- Calcein-AM
1 mg
C375 Live Cell Staining
-Cellstain- CFSE
1 mg
C396 Live Cell Staining
-Cellstain- Calcein-AM solution
1 ml
C410 Live Cell Staining
-Cellstain- CytoRed solution
1 ml
F209 Live Cell Staining
-Cellstain- FDA
1 mg
scrollable
Dead Cell Staining
Code Product name Unit size
C555 Dead Cell Staining (Blue)
Dead Cell Makeup Blue - Higher Retention than PI
100 tests
D212 Dead Cell Staining
-Cellstain- DAPI
1 mg
D523 Dead Cell Staining
-Cellstain- DAPI solution
1 ml
P346 Dead Cell Staining
-Cellstain- PI
1 mg
P378 Dead Cell Staining
-Cellstain- PI solution
1 ml
scrollable
Nuclear Staining
Code Product name Unit size
A430 Nucleus Dye
-Cellstain- AO solution
1 ml
H341 Nucleus Dye
-Cellstain- Hoechst 33258 solution
1 ml
H342 Nucleus Dye
-Cellstain- Hoechst 33342 solution
1 ml
scrollable
Mitochondria Staning
Code Product name Unit size
M466 Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxide Detection
MitoPeDPP
5 μg x 3
M489 Mitochondrial Iron Detection
Mito-FerroGreen
1 set (50 ug x 2)
MD01 Mitophagy Detection
Mitophagy Detection Kit
1 set
MT02 Mitophagy Detection
Mtphagy Dye
5 ug x 3
MT05 Mitochondrial Singlet Oxygen Imaging
Si-DMA for Mitochondrial Singlet Oxygen Imaging
2 μg
MT09 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Detection
JC-1 MitoMP Detection Kit
1.0 set x 1
MT10 Mitochondrial Staining
MitoBright LT Green
400 μl x 1
MT11 Mitochondrial Staining
MitoBright LT Red
400 μl x 1
MT12 Mitochondrial Staining
MitoBright LT Deep Red
400 μl x 1
MT13 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Detection
MT-1 MitoMP Detection Kit
1.0 set x 1
MT15 Mitochondria Fluorescent Probe for Immunostaining Red
MitoBright IM Red for Immunostaining
20 μl x 1
20 μl x 3
MT16 Mitochondrial Superoxide Detection
MitoBright ROS Deep Red - Mitochondrial Superoxide Detection
100 nmol x 1
100 nmol x 3
R237 Mitochondrial Staining
-Cellstain- MitoRed
50 μg x 8
scrollable
Tissue Staining
Code Product name Unit size
D006 Coloring Substrate for Peroxidase
DAB
1 g
5 g
F308 Amyloid Staining
FSB solution
100 μl
T022 Coloring Substrate for Peroxidase
TMBZ
1 g
5 g
T039 Coloring Substrate for Peroxidase
TMBZ・HCl
1 g
scrollable
Nucleolus Staining
Code Product name Unit size
N511 Nucleolus Fluorescent Staining
Nucleolus Bright Green
60.0 nmol x 1
N512 Nucleolus Fluorescent Staining
Nucleolus Bright Red
60.0 nmol x 1
scrollable
Lipid Droplet Staining
Code Product name Unit size
LD01 Lipid Droplet Staining
Lipi-Blue
10 nmol x 1
LD02 Lipid Droplet Staining
Lipi-Green
10 nmol x 1
LD03 Lipid Droplet Staining
Lipi-Red
100 nmol x 1
LD04 Lipid Droplet Staining
Lipi-Deep Red
10 nmol x 1
LD05 Lipid Droplet Assay
Lipid Droplet Assay Kit - Blue
1 kit
LD06 Lipid Droplet Assay
Lipid Droplet Assay Kit - Deep Red
1 kit
scrollable
Cell Membrane Staining
Code Product name Unit size
E296 Endocytosis Detection
ECGreen-Endocytosis Detection
40 ul
P504 Cell Membrane Staining
PlasMem Bright Green
100 ul
P505 Cell Membrane Staining
PlasMem Bright Red
100 ul
scrollable
Lysosome Staining
Code Product name Unit size
L261 Lysosome Staining Dye Green
LysoPrime Green - High Specificity and pH Resistance
10 μl x 1
10 μl x 3
L264 Lysosome Staining Deep Red
LysoPrime Deep Red - High Specificity and pH Resistance
1 tube
3 tube
L265 Lysosomal pH Detection Reagent Red
pHLys Red - Lysosomal Acidic pH Detection
1 tube
3 tube
L266 Lysosomal Acidic pH Detection Kit - Green/Red
Lysosomal Acidic pH Detection Kit
1 set
L268 Lysosomal Acidic pH Detection Kit-Green/Deep Red
Lysosomal Acidic pH Detection Kit-Green/Deep Red
1 set
scrollable

Product Classification

Product Classification